2007;99:366–94.NJDWQI (New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Institute). HAs are intended to represent levels of exposure unlikely to cause adverse health effects, considering both cancer and non-cancer endpoints, and can represent specific durations of exposure (one-day, 10-day, or lifetime).
Scientists first review toxicological, epidemiological, and mode of action studies to identify the critical effect, the most sensitive adverse endpoint that is considered relevant to humans.
The state of Vermont reacted quickly, first creating a PFOA HA of 20 ng/L and then using that HA to develop a groundwater enforcement standard. We also gathered assessment documents from state websites and contacted state environmental and health agencies to identify and confirm current guidelines. Star News Online. Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, Updated Tables Atlanta, GA. 2015. 2006;220:203–17.Butenhoff JL, Costa G, Elcombe C, Farrar D, Hansen K, Iwai H, et al.
Letter from United States Senators to EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt [letter]. A sociological analysis of federal fish advisories. (We analyzed fifteen current or proposed water guidelines or standards for PFOA or PFOS that are the most recent guidelines for the EPA and each state: EPA’s PFOA and PFOS HAs, seven state guidelines for PFOA, and six state guidelines for PFOS (Tables The most recent proposed state guideline levels for PFOA vary by a factor of 70, from 14 ng/L (New Jersey) to 1000 ng/L (North Carolina; Table Comparing the risk assessments developed by states and EPA to derive these guideline levels highlights the scientific uncertainty and assumptions that underlie these decisions.
Toxicol Sci. But the science is contested. Smoke stacks from factories emitted the chemicals, which drifted to the ground. You can also search for this author in EPA. PFAS Contamination Site Tracker. 2018. Derivation of a drinking water equivalent level (DWEL) related to the maximum contaminant level goal for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a persistent water soluble compound. 20 January 2015. Systematic Review of Immunotoxicity Associated with Exposure to Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) or Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS); Office of Health Assessment and Translation, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences: Research Triangle Park, NC. Reed J, Stabenow D, Warren E, Durbin R, Manchin J, Harris K, et al. As described above, health risk assessment requires many assumptions and estimates in order to predict a safe exposure for humans.
Politico.
2015. And are linked with increased risk for at least six major diseases:PFOA and PFOS could also be dangerous to pregnant women. New Jersey assessments compared their target PFOS serum level of 23 ng/mL with the midrange of serum levels in epidemiological studies that reported effects (6–27 ng/mL) and with U.S. serum levels (median 5 ng/mL, 95%ile 19 ng/mL, from 2013–2014 NHANES) [The number of peer-reviewed scientific articles on PFAS has increased dramatically since 2000, while federal and state PFAS drinking water guideline levels have generally decreased over this time (Fig. DuPont de Nemours and Company PFOA Settlements. PFOS is Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. New Solut.
Tables Risk assessment is used to develop health-based guideline levels. Comparative responses of rats and mice exposed to linear/branched,linear, or branched ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO). MADEP (Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection). 2016;4:662–72.Sun M, Arevalo E, Strynar MJ, Lindstrom AB, Richardson M, Kearns B, et al. Both are fluorinated organic chemicals, part of a larger family of compounds referred to as perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). The Intercept. For PFOS, Texas and Minnesota have total UFs of 100 while other states and the EPA have total UFs of 30. 2013;1:69–79.Vogel S. Is It Safe? We document the rationale used by states to develop guideline levels that differ from those set by EPA. These include identifying critical effects, addressing inter-species and intra-species variation, quantifying other uncertainties, and selecting exposure parameters. The SDWA currently regulates over 90 chemical, biological, and radiological contaminants [EPA has not set MCLs for any PFAS, though they recently announced their intention to “initiate steps to evaluate the need for a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for PFOA and PFOS” [The SDWA also requires EPA to consider additional contaminants for regulation. PLoS Biol. Characterization of risk for general population exposure to perfluorooctanoate. North Carolina and EPA cited uncertainty related to variation in response between mouse strains, inconsistent methods across studies, and questions about toxicokinetics as challenges for using this endpoint [New Jersey used decreased plaque forming cell response (suppressed immune function) as the basis for their PFOS MCL, noting also the consistency between this effect and decreased vaccination response in epidemiological studies. U.S. EPA. 2018. Toxicol Sci. 2018; U.S. FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). 2016. New Jersey’s recommended PFOS MCL, the lowest in the country, is the only assessment to use immune response as the critical endpoint.The critical effect serves as the starting point for deriving a point of departure (POD), the point on the dose-response curve to which uncertainty factors (UFs) are applied, such as a No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) or Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL). 1976.U.S.
Lau C. Perfluorinated compounds: an overview. Civil Action No. But the chemical can linger in water for decades.PFOA is Perfluorooctanoic acid. New Jersey’s PFOA assessment did not use mammary gland changes as the critical effect but did recognize that it was most sensitive and included an additional UF for database uncertainty related to mammary gland effects.
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