Ground Failure. The most spectacular example of bearing-strength failures took place during the 1964 Niigata, Japan, earthquake. Surface Faulting. An example of severe damage occurred in 1952 when three railroad tunnels were so badly damaged by faulting that traffic on a major rail linking northern and southern California was stopped for 25 days despite an around-the-clock repair schedule.The displacements, lengths, and widths of surface fault ruptures show a wide range.
Adequate medical facilities should be provided to cause least harm to human life.v. v. Problems arise due to shortage of electricity. Rescue and relief operations should be kept in place to meet all eventualities.iv.
Human life requires immediate medical aid and reconstruction services. These flow failures, in turn, generated large sea waves that overran parts of the coastal area, causing additional damage and casualties. There exist massive plates of rock below the earth’s crust, called tectonic plates, which are interlocked.These huge plates float on a layer of semi-solid rock, called the mantle, which causes the tectonic plates to move.
One of the most spectacular examples occurred during the 1970 Peruvian earthquake when a single rock avalanche killed more than 18,000 people; a similar, but less spectacular, failure in the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake resulted in 26 deaths. A lot of people get killed and injured. For example, during the 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska, earthquake, more than 200 bridges were damaged or destroyed by lateral spreading of flood-plain deposits toward river channels. This will reduce the number of casualties and cause lesser economic damage.ii.
Damage to these types of structures has ranged from minor to very severe. In 1906, a number of major pipeline breaks occurred in the city of San Francisco during the earthquake because of lateral spreading.
Breaks of water mains hampered efforts to fight the fire that ignited during the earthquake. Ground Shaking. During that event, several four-story buildings of the Kwangishicho apartment complex tipped as much as 60 degrees. But we can be better prepared to meet earthquakes by:i. Constructing earthquake resistant buildings and structures. The amount of damage an earthquake can cause depends greatly on the size of the earthquake. People should be made aware of the importance of constructing earthquake-resistant buildings.Welcome to Shareyouressays.com!
The primary effects of earthquakes are ground shaking, ground rupture, landslides, tsunamis, and liquefaction.
Fires are probably the single most important secondary effect of …
For example, submarine flow failures carried away large sections of port facilities at Seward, Whittier, and Valdez, Alaska, during the 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake.
Transport is affected due to disruption of railway and road systems.iii. These spreading deposits compressed bridges over the channels, buckled decks, thrust sedimentary beds over abutments, and shifted and tilted abutments and piers.Lateral spreads are destructive particularly to pipelines. Reactivation of dormant slumps or block slides by earthquakes is rare.Large earthquake-induced rock avalanches, soil avalanches, and underwater landslides can be very destructive. They cause loss of human life due to collapse of buildings.ii. Click on a pin on the map to see more information. Most fault displacement is confined to a narrow zone ranging from 6 to 1,000 feet in width, but separate subsidiary fault ruptures may occur 2 to 3 miles from the main fault.
The most abundant types of earthquake induced landslides are rock falls and slides of rock fragments that form on steep slopes. The area subject to disruption by surface faulting varies with the length and width of the rupture zone.Taken from: Hays, W.W., ed., 1981, Facing Geologic and Hydrologic Hazards --Earth Science Considerations: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1240B, 108 p.Liquefaction is restricted to certain geologic and hydrologic environments, mainly areas where sands and silts were deposited in the last 10,000 years and where ground water is within 30 feet of the surface.
At the same time, underlying cables are disturbed leading to disruption of communication systems. Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to discuss anything and everything about Essay. Nevertheless, the damage to structures located in the fault zone can be very high, especially where the land use is intensive.
Flow failures usually form in loose saturated sands or silts on slopes greater than 3 degrees.Flow failures can originate either underwater or on land. Underwater landslides commonly involve the margins of deltas where many port facilities are located. Many building, hospitals, schools, etc are destroyed due to it.
Negative effects of an earthquake: Destruction to property: Earthquakes at the end of the day are still natural disasters and with good reason. Surface faulting, in the case of a strike-slip fault, generally affects a long narrow zone whose total area is small compared with the total area affected by ground shaking. Tsunamis. Ground shaking is caused by P waves propagate through the Earth with a speed of about 15,000 miles per hour and are the first waves to cause vibration of a building.
Earthquakes have economic effects like setback in trade and agriculture.
Many loess slopes failed during the New Madrid, Missouri, earthquakes of 1811-12.
The effects of an earthquake are terrible and devastating. Architects should follow the building codes that have been laid down by the Bureau of Indian Standards. The effects of an earthquake range from mild to severe and include structural damage, damaged gas lines, tidal waves, fires, avalanches and flooding.
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